John Verelst (29 October 1648 – 7 March 1734) was an Anglo-Dutch portrait painter. He was the third son of Herman Verelst (a portrait painter) and Cecilia Fend. He is known mainly for a royal commission for portraits of the men known at the time as the Four Indian Kings, who visited Queen Anne in 1710 from the Province of New York in North America. John Verelst is often confused with his uncle, John Verelst (1652-1679).
Biography
John Verelst was born on 24 October 1648 in
The Hague. He was one of the four sons of
Herman Verelst (a portrait painter) and Cecilia Fend, originally from
Venice. Lacking archival evidence, the date is calculated by reference to information about his siblings. He is mentioned as a beneficiary in his brother
Lodvick Verelst’s will between Peter (who did not become an artist) and
Michael Verelst. Peter was born in September 1669 in Amsterdam; Michael’s birth was in Venice. John may have been born while the family was travelling or had travelled from Amsterdam to Venice following the collapse of the art market in the Low Countries.
Herman Verelst’s career took him from Venice to Ljubljana and thence to Vienna from where the family fled in 1683, reaching London where Herman established himself as a portrait painter.
John married Anne Tureng at St James's, Duke's Place on 4 November 1692.
In 1711, John and his sister, Adriana Verelst, applied for naturalization.
John Verelst died on 7 March 1734 in London and was buried three days later at St Christopher le Stocks.
Artistic career
Presumably John was trained in portraiture by his father,
Herman Verelst, who had success in England as a portrait painter from 1684 until his death in 1699. John was, from an early point in his career, both a painter and a dealer (in both prints and paintings), using newspapers to advertise and (in an entrepreneurial spirit) looking for new opportunities to exploit. Works attributed to John Verelst are quite common but documented items are much rarer and, in some cases, have disappeared or are now unidentifiable.
As John Verelst married in late 1692, he had probably already begun a career in art of some sort. The earliest documented portrait of 1700 is that of Martha Loft (-1723).
Mohawk Kings
To seal a treaty with the British, four Indigenous delegates (called "Indian kings" by the British)--three Haudenosaunee and one Anishinaabe--visited
London in 1710.
Queen Anne was so impressed by these tall, muscular foreign visitors that she had Verelst paint
oil paintings of them in 1710 (see Four Mohawk Kings). This was one of the first paintings of aboriginal people. The chiefs had come voluntarily and were well treated as diplomats and entertained. They were
Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row (Hendriks), Emperor of the Six Nations;
Ho Nee Yeath Taw No Row (John), King of Generethgarich;
Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow (Brant) of the Maquas; he was the grandfather of
Joseph Brant, a chief during the Revolutionary War and namesake for Brantford, Ontario; and
Etow Oh Koam (Nicholas), King of the River Nation. They had been persuaded to come to England by
Pieter Schuyler, acting Governor of New York in 1709 and some-time mayor of Albany. They stayed one month and returned without having contracted any of the endemic European diseases.
[Nelle Oosterom, "Kings of the New World", Canada's History, vol. 90, no. 2 (April/May) 2010, p. 26.]
The four portraits were later transformed into mezzotint prints by artists, including Anglo-French printmaker John Simon (1675–1751), and sold widely.[Canada Post, details/en détail, vol. 19, no. 2 (April–June 2010), pp. 10-11.]
After the royal commission: a career in decline
Verelst received no further royal commissions and there is little evidence of his activity until the end of the decade when he organized an auction of
Original Pictures of the Most Eminent Italian, Flemish, and other Masters, collected by Mr. John Verelst advertised for 6 March 1718 at Mr Hickford’s Dancing Room in James Street.
The sale apparently stopped at lot 50 and was to be transferred to Verelst’s house at the Rainbow and Dove by Ivy-Bridge on 19 March 1718 but, in a notice in
The Daily Courant of 18 March, the sale was postponed indefinitely.
A last newspaper announcement of 23 June 1724 drew the public’s attention to Verelst’s portrait of Admiral Abdelkader Pérez, the ambassador of the Emperor of Morocco. This had been displayed for several days at the Court of St James's (with another painted for Sir Clement Cotterell) and could be seen at John’s house.
In the early 1720s, he had some contact with the
Nonjuring schism faction of the Church of England. He was named as a subscriber to the 1721 publication of Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont’s
The history of the Arians, and of the Council of Nice translated by
Thomas Deacon, a non-juror from Manchester.
engraved Verelst’s 1722 picture of Ralph Taylor, a prominent non-juror who was later consecrated bishop and went on to consecrate bishops irregularly for service in the American colonies.
Verelst’s career after the royal commission was one of decline. In 1727, he was declared bankrupt followed by an enforced sale in which a version of the Moroccan ambassador’s portrait sold well. He wrote his will in 1730 leaving comparatively little in comparison with his siblings Lodvick Verelst and Adriana Verelst.
Selected works
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Tejonihokarawa (baptized Hendrick). Named Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row, Emperor of the Six Nations. 1710, oil on canvas, 91.5 x 64.5 cm, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, inv. acc. no. 1977-35-4.
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Etowaucum (baptized Nicholas). Named Etow Oh Koam, King of the River Nation, 1710, oil on canvas, 91.5 x 64.5 cm, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, inv. 1977-35-1.
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Onigoheriago (baptized John). Named Ho Nee Yeath Taw No Row, King of the Generethgarich, 1710, oil on canvas, 91.5 x 64.5 cm, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, inv. 1977-35-2.
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Sagayenkwaraton (baptized Brant). Named Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow, King of the Maquas (Mohawk), 1710, oil on canvas, 91.5 x 64.5 cm, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, inv. 1977-35-3.
Prints
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John Simon after John Verelst, Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row, Emperour of the Six Nations, 1710, mezzotint on laid paper, 41.5 x 25.5 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, inv. 2001.118.44.
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John Simon after John Verelst, Etow Oh Koam, King of the River Nation, 1710, mezzotint on laid paper, 41.2 x 25.4 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, inv. 2001.118.42.
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John Simon after John Verelst, Ho Nee Yeath Taw No Row, King of the Generethgarich, 1710, mezzotint on laid paper, 40.9 × 25.4 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, inv. 2001.118.41.
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John Simon after John Verelst, Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow, King of the Maquas, 1710, mezzotint on laid paper, 41 x 25.4 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, inv. 2001.118.43.
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George Vertue after John Verelst Iacobus Gardiner A.M., 1717, mezzotint, 16.8 x 10.7 cm, The British Museum, London, inv. 1889,0409.309.
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George Vertue after John Verelst Reverendi admodum Radulph Taylor S.T.P., 1723, mezzotint, 37.5 x 26.7 cm, The British Museum, London, inv. 1849,1031.87.
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George Vertue after John Verelst Daniel Turner of the College of Phisicians, aetat 67, 1734, 1734, mezzotint on laid paper, 21.7 x 18.7 cm, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, inv. WAHP38413.
Notes
External links
See also Richmond P. Bond,
Queen Anne's American Kings (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952).
Laura Brandon, War Art in Canada: A Critical History (Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2021).
